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Alfatest GRP 1.27 is a test to determine whether urine from a pregnant woman is safe for her unborn child. The urine is tested for various substances, among them the cotinine concentration of the mother's urine, which may indicate whether or not cigarettes have been smoked during pregnancy. A new standard was introduced in 2013, which requires that at least 10 ng/mL of cotinine have been found in a timed-draw test performed on obtained specimens from pregnant women with no history of smoking. The cotinine result must be below 10 ng/mL for a tested sample to be considered safe and free from harm to the unborn child. Official website The Australian Pregnancy Advisory Service (APAS) states that it rarely issues advice other than to confirm that a woman is not pregnant. APAS has advised its readership on the testing of pregnant urinary specimens for cotinine at concentrations between 10 and 1000 ng/mL. There are two levels of testing available: "False positive" or "False negative". A sample which comes up positive at 10 ng/mL or greater is said to be a false positive, although the results are often reported as "negative". A sample with no detectable cotinine at concentrations of 1-10 ng/mL is said to be a false negative, although these results are also described as "non-detectable". A sample with a cotinine result of less than 1 ng/mL is said to be a "Negative result". The two levels of testing are also described as "safe" and "unsafe" as the level of cotinine found in urine may be below the prescribed testing level, yet still indicate pregnancy. However, some laboratories interpret these terms differently. A small percentage of samples obtained from urine expressed at home via a cup (for example, by means of the catheter) will not be considered "pregnant" and standard tests can therefore return false-negative results. Alfatest is the only test for cotinine within the Australian pregnancy testing industry that has been validated against GC/MS (gas chromatography/mass spectrometry), the most rigorous method of testing available. A comparison of all pregnancy tests available with GC/MS can be found in an independent report by Privilege Laboratories Official website The influence of gestation on the cotinine concentration has been extensively examined by several authors. The data provided by Millar shows that cotinine concentrations in urine rise to their peak at about 10 weeks, and begins to fall thereafter. The influence of sex, race, sample type (urine vs serum), season of the year, smoking habits of the mother prior to pregnancy, and active smoking during pregnancy has also been examined. The observed cotinine concentrations are provided in the table below. If the observed cotinine concentrations are corrected for smoking prior to conception then some scientists have observed that cotinine levels in urine may be higher than expected. The observed differences between male and female fetuses have also been observed with other compounds, where male fetal levels are higher than predicted by factors such as placental weight or fetal body weight. cfa1e77820
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